Skip to main content

THE GLORIOUS UNCROWNING

The 104 years of Rana Regime of Nepal reviled today as a monolithic juggernaut from without was anything but when viewed closely from within. The struggle for power within the family was as acute as those among the Roman emperors or Mughal rulers. Out of the nine Rana prime ministers only four died while in office, one was assassinated, two were prematurely ousted from office, the last one had to step down to give way to proto-democracy. Only one among the nine actually resigned voluntarily while in office. This is his story.

Maharajah Juddha Shumsher
So why did Maharajah Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana resign bucking the trend? Was it because he was afraid that he would be ousted like one of his predecessor Maharajah Dev Shumsher? Was he afraid that there was some nefarious plot to assassinate him like his uncle Maharajah Ranauddip Singh? When one makes a decision of such magnitude, there must have been multiple factors influencing him to come to such a decision. Had he not resigned Maharajah Juddha Shumsher J. B. Rana would have been the last Rana prime minister of Nepal if we maintain the trajectory of history as it is and end the Rana regime in 1951 A.D. Juddha passed away peacefully in Dehra Dun in India in 1952 A.D.

One must start investigating by learning who he really was at birth. One of the youngest sons of Commander-in-Chief Dhir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana from his morganatic wife Juhar Kumari reportedly from Kangra, Juddha was not born a Roll-wallah, but was added to the Rana nomenclature at the time of his eldest brother Maharajah Bir Shumsher reportedly by a death-bed wish of his father Dhir. It can be surmised that Bir was only too willing to fulfill his father's wish as, at the same time, he also raised the status of his children from his second Newari wife to the Roll of Succession to the tile of Maharajah of Kaski and Lamjung and Prime Ministership of Nepal. Nearly of the same age Juddha grew up together with his nephews Rudra, Dharma and Pratap, Bir's children from his second wife.

Maharajah Bir with his second wife and children
Juddha was brought up by his foster mother Maharani Karma Kumari the first wife of his elder brother Dev Shumsher who succeeded Bir as prime minister of Nepal. Juddha paid equal reverence to his foster mother as to his own as testified by the two statues he built for them and placed them at the Jawalakhel Zoo, Nepal's first and only zoo which was inaugurated by Juddha amidst great fanfare. Juddha knew that karma was very important in guiding one's destiny and he, like many of his contemporaries, had a fatalistic approach to life and regarded the quest for the hereafter to a greater degree.

Although raised to the status of "A" Class Rana and listed in the Roll of Succession he was one of the youngest in line to the title of Maharajah of Kaski and Lamjung and the post of Prime Minister of Nepal. Perhaps in his younger days he never even thought once that one day he would inherit the title and the post. He could have never known that after Bir, Dev would be removed from his post by his own younger brother Chandra. Chandra Shumsher ruled for 31 years and died in office. His younger brother Bhim succeeded Chandra at an old age and he ruled for only 5 years until he died in office due to natural causes. By this time the other roll-wallah siblings - Rana, Fateh, Lalit and Jeet - had all been dead. Juddha succeeded Bhim at the age of 58 and became the next dictator of Nepal.

An ascetic living in the Resunga hills of Gulmi district of western Nepal had once - correctly as it turned out - prophesied that Juddha would one day become the ruler of Nepal, perhaps to disbelief on the part of many, including himself. But his prophesy came true and since then Juddha started to consult Resunga Mahaprabhu frequently and even brought him to Kathmandu near the seat of power. As a young boy I recall the ascetic with white silken skin, piercing eyes and white thinning beard flowing down to his knees doing samadhi meditation in Pashupatinath and my father would occasionally visit him there. Was Juddha tricked into retirement by some treachery of his nephews in cahoots with the ascetic clairvoyant? They took stock aghast of some of the liberalization Juddha had brought to social life and the economy. There is a story that has the ascetic Resunga advising Juddha that he had just one more year to live and so it was better to retire from politics and gain spiritual wealth.

Juddha, seated in centre, with Rudra seated on his right
One of the first acts of Juddha upon assuming high office was to change the Roll of Succession earlier carried out by Bir and Bhim and take the children of his brothers born out of secondary wives out of the Roll.  Did he do this out of his own volition or was it due to intense pressure from his ambitious nephews, the wealthy and powerful sons of Chandra pining for the high office. Juddha removed his second in line Commander-in-Chief Rudra Shumsher, the eldest son of Bir from his second wife from the post and banished him to Palpa. So were the sons of Bhim Shumsher removed from the Roll and banished to various parts of the country, away from Kathmandu, by giving them governorship of far flung lands.

This act is a mystery very hard to unravel. Why did Juddha betray Rudra his childhood friend? Why did he undo the decision taken by the Bhardari Sabha (Privy Council) of Bir his brother who had generously enlisted him Juddha as well in the Roll? Was it due to the pressure from the sons of Chandra Shumher? Did he genuinely think that what he was doing was just and good for the Rana dynasty? Did Juddha repent this decision later and did it play a role in his resignation?

The third angle we need to closely look at is the geopolitics of the time. Since his rule began there was a tremendous movement in India started by Mahatma Gandhi to force the British to give self-rule (swaraj) to India. Many of the politically inclined from Nepal had also gone over to India to support Gandhi in this movement and eventually created political awareness too back home aimed against the dynastic Rana regime, closely linked in their eyes to the British Raj in India. It was during this period of political agitation that some of the ring leaders against Rana rule were charged with sedition and given the death penalty. Four of them have since been celebrated as martyrs after the Rana regime collapsed in Nepal.

Retired Maharajah Juddha with Pandit Nehru in Dehradun,
my father General Kiran at the left of picture
Juddha must have known that soon the British would be forced out of India and give India its independence which would in turn spell doom upon the Rana regime. Although he maintained personal relationship with the Indian freedom movement and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders, the trajectory of history would not leave the Rana regime intact. Perhaps he thought that he would resign before the inevitable happened. He took destiny into his own hands and decided that it would be better to voluntarily leave power than to be ignominiously shunted out.

29 November 1945 dawned bright and clear. Maharajah Juddha summoned all the civil and military high ranking officials of Nepal for a special ceremony at Singha Durbar, the official abode of the Rana prime minister of Nepal. This day he would voluntarily hand over the headgear or Sarpech of the Maharajah of Kaski and Lamjung and the post of prime mister to Commander-in-Chief Padma Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana. He would from then on be known as Rajarishi (Raj-rishi) Maharaj, one who in an act of ultimate glory uncrowned himself and decided to live the life of an ascetic in spiritual quest and penance just like his mentor Resunga Mahabrabhu. At the time he did not know that he would live until 1952 A.D., for another 7 years instead of the one prophesied.

Maharajah Juddha bidding farewell to his posts and titles




Comments

  1. Great analysis as to why Maharaja Juddha took early treatment. Fascinating read. Whatever the reasons, it would be very useful if our present Nepali elderly politicians took a page out of the Maharaja's book and took retirement and made way for younger people. We would all be blessed.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Learn a new word a day! morganatic: marriage between people of unequal social rank, which prevents the passage of the husband's titles and privileges to the wife and any children born.

    I surmise from the narrative that both Juddha and his mother were from this pedigree but because of the vagaries of history and happy karma, he became who he became and perhaps was also able to give it up so exceptionally.

    Thanks, as usual was a good read.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. He is as despotic as his predecessors by killing 4 revolutiionary martyrs!! May be that sin has made him penance!!

      Delete
  3. You have given various options on why Maharaj Judha abdicated early. Am pretty sure it was the doing of the Resunga guy "motivated" by the Chandra clan. What a pity!

    ReplyDelete
  4. Dear Ranaji,

    Thank you for yet another great article. Thanks to people like you, we can at least know the personal side of the Rana rulers. Whatever they were, pillagers or despots, they were humans, and a product of the system that dominated the age.
    What I find most lacking, of course, is how the historians in Nepal, that is if there are any worthy historians remaining, tend to treat Rana rulers as mere figures, not persons. Articles like this one which opens the motivation behind actions from a personal level; that shows the human side of the Ranas are forever refreshing to read.

    Anyway, thank you very much for this wonderful read. Hope to read more in the future.

    Kind regards,
    Uttam

    ReplyDelete
  5. Dear Bhai,
    Morganatic...very eloquently put. Kangra was well known for the thorough bred pedigreed beautiful Rajput ladies then. It is likely that Dhir Shumsher was advised to marry Juhar Kumari to improve his stock!
    It is important to understand that the Nepali thought in those days were very dominated and influenced by the Brahminical version of Hinduism. Joodha Shumsher was no exception, that to my perception explains a lot of things. The why of many things I cannot say but he assumed the role as the Prime Minister of Nepal very wisely and did what was necessary to stay in power. The best thing he did for Nepal according to me: He kept the Britishers at bay and was not fooled by their 'divide & rule' policy and sent his son (Bahadur SSJBR) to Hitler's Germany and Mussolini's Italy and Nepal remained a Sovereign Kingdom. His worldly Karma was completed and he thought he should atone for his past sins and handed over his position to Mohan SSJBR with great pomp and show. All the factors you mentioned played a part in his abdicating, but to pinpoint one main reason is not possible...in 2016 lots still believe in the theory of re-birth and have fear of the unknown. He was born to a Dictator and did not have any other choice. I leave the History part to you and Xyui, this is just my opinion as you asked.
    Take care,
    Sushila

    ReplyDelete
  6. Subodh buwa this is a grear article. I would love to read more about the Chittaud, Rajasthan days. Where can I find the read?
    Regards

    ReplyDelete
  7. Mr. Subodh,
    I was exhilarated to see this article after getting back to your Blog. Even though this has been an article I've been waiting to read since several years ( I had once requested you to put light on this matter) my thirst to know facts has not been quenched. This article has only covered assumptions made by historians about Juddha Shumsher mostly being under pressure by Chandra's Sons.
    Isn't there any narrative that you have found with in Rana Khandaanis that actually points conversation between Mohan Shumsher and Juddha.
    Or Since your father was close to Judhha Shumsher, did he find any interesting reasons like being scared of his life from his Fratricidal nephews,Or even other Conversation regarding changing of the Roll-kram because of which your family was removed from the roll of succession.
    Still Felt good to read this article since there are other interesting facts you've brought in Like Dhir Shumsher's will to put Juddha in line & Him being influenced by Resunga MahaPrabhu.

    Thanks a lot.
    Vivek


    ReplyDelete
  8. Mr. Subodh,
    I had forgotten that you are a grandson of Juddha Shumsher, my apologies.
    Did you ever heard your father taking aim against Mohan, Padma Shumsher or keiser because your grandfather had supposedly resigned under pressure by his Nephews. He must have consulted with your father who had like 16 other siblings.
    You I think is the best candidate to put light upon this shady history of Ranas' Rule beside your Father and Juddha shumsher himself,and still you are no where near painting a full picture.

    Anyways

    Here I have attached a Link that you readers may be interested in : The Prediction by Author Sushma Joshi

    http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1951&context=himalaya

    And it reads like this:

    The astrologer was a pleasant young man, with worn
    down cloth shoes and a dust-colored set of clothes. Mohan
    Shamsher was surprised. He had expected someone older,
    someone more commanding. More authoritative. This
    man, with his humble cotton outfit, could not have been
    more than thirty, at the most.
    He was from Pokhara, and famed throughout Nepal. His ..........

    Adieu

    ReplyDelete
  9. Thanks Subodh for this eye opening read. The vagaries of the Rana rulers has always fascinated me and left me in bewilderment.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I like to say that there was then method in their madness. Nowadays there is madness in our leaders' method.

      Delete
  10. I have always been curious about the Rana regime and lives of Rana prime ministers as individuals rather than just mere figures of dictatorship. But its so difficult find anything about Nepalese history in the internet that your blogs have been a blessing to me. Thank you so much for sharing these stories.

    ReplyDelete
  11. As a child in Dehra Doon My ears repeatedly heard how Juddha Shumshere was advised by the Raj purohits to leave Nepal and reside in Dehra Dun as an ascetic otherwise he would encounter evil.
    . In those days horoscopes were repeatedly shown to pundits who religiously read your future. Juddha Shumshere decided to be guided by the purohits and decided to abdicate and settle down in Dehra Dun with his third Maharani and children and lived
    a royal life with his entourage. He still aroused awe and fright because of his lineage . A certain decorum had to be maintained along with palace parlance

    ReplyDelete

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

RANI MAHAL, THE STORY OF ITS MAKER

PROLOGUE Rani Mahal Palpa The first time I ever saw this historical edifice thirty five years ago, she was in ruins and looked like an old hag during the winter of her life, simply waiting for her eventual demise. I was then on my way further west on a week-long trek from Tansen to Tamghas in Gulmi District. Thirty five years later, I found myself at the same spot once again, this time out there on purpose. I had seen pictures of the building with a coat of new paint before and I wanted to see how much change had been made by the Nepal Government’s Department of Archeology.  Yes, the outer façade still looked brand new with fresh paints, which to me personally was a bit too gaudy. But when I walked through the inside of the building and saw nothing but empty rooms without even a single piece of furniture, my enthusiasm took a nose dive . And when I entered one room where there was a fireplace with the floor in front of the hearth still looking as black as charcoal, I assu

THE SATI WIVES OF JUNG BAHADUR, MAHARAJAH OF NEPAL

I f only the Tudor King Henry VIII of England was as lucky as Jung Bahadur Rana, he would have had male heirs aplenty and he would not have had to behead a few of his queens in the hope of his next one presenting him with an heir. All the Maharanis would live together at Hampton Court Palace in seeming harmony at least until the death of the Maharajah . If England had the tradition of Sati, who among Henry's wives would have had the macabre honour of being buried alive with him? Would her be Catherine of Aragon his first queen? Or Anne Boleyn? Or the fair Jane Seymour, his favorite queen who gave him his only male heir, had she not died in her postnatal illness? Maharajah Jung Bahadur Rana had many wives because he did not have the Catholic Church to worry about. He had at least a dozen sons and innumerable daughters from at least 13 recorded wives. He married some for love, others for political alliances with various noble houses, including a sister of Chautaria Fateh Jung Sha

THE LOYAL BROTHER: CONTRIBUTIONS OF BAM BAHADUR RANA

T he weight of responsibility sat heavily on his shoulders after his elder brother's epochal visit to England was finalized. As the next brother in line and Commander-in-Chief of the Army he, Bam Bahadur, would be the officiating prime minister during his brother's long sojourn. When the politics in Nepal got re-calibrated after the Kot Massacre, Jung Bahadur Rana had secured an edict from the new king Surendra Bikram Shah to rule Nepal in perpetuity with the post of prime minister going to the next brother in agnatic succession.  General Bam Bahadur Rana portrait in French Military uniform fashionable at the time Prime Minister Jung Bahadur was extremely grateful that his younger brothers had given him both moral and physical support on that fateful night at the Kot where all their lives were in peril. The family had rushed to the armoury at the midnight summons of Queen Rajya Luxmi Devi. News came that the battalion under General Abhiman Singh Rana Magar was on its way to the